EFFECT OF MUSIC EXPOSURE ON THE WEIGHT AND BODY.LENGTH OF RAT.LITTERS

Music is related to stress reduction and increased levels ofgro*th-hormone. In rat, music exposure since rEaral period was found to increase body-weight of 7-days-old litters and brain cells. Sonatic growth was tr-saril). influenced by go\r'th-hormone and supponed by psycho-physic condirion. The objective of this <xit was to analyz€ whether music exposure since prenatal until 35 days post-naral period could afect the .dgtrt and bodylength ofthe rat-pups. Four pregnant tr$rdl rats were daily exposed to one how classic rnLtt lMoza ) eyery 17.30 PMsince gestation period day on€ until rhe22litten were 3s-days-old. Controis xre 5 pregnant lats and th€ir 36 litl€rs caged in a different room with no music. W€ighing and measuing the \t!'length (the most anterior point of nasafseptum to the base ofthe 6il) were conducted at day 7, 25 and :r' DaIa were analyzed using Multivariat€ Celeral-Linear-Model (cr = 0.05). It was revealed that the mean -.rght of the exp€rimental litters was significantly high€r than those ofthe controls either ar day 7 (p = 0.00), :j o. i5 (p = 0.006). Difference of the body-length ofthe €xperiment and control anirnals only significanr at :a. l5 (p = 0.012). Conclusion: Music exposure sinc€ prenatal period has significant influences on the weight :idF mt-litters aged 7, 25 and 35 days and on the body-length ofthe 25-days-old,litterc. Indonesian Joumat j Dentittry 2006; Editi Khusus KPPIKA XIy:325-328

Music is related to stress reduction and increased levels ofgro*th-hormone.In rat, music exposure since rEaral period was found to increase body-weight of 7-days-old litters and brain cells.Sonatic growth was tr-saril).influenced by go\r'th-hormone and supponed by psycho-physic condirion.The objective of this <xit was to analyz€ whether music exposure since prenatal until 35 days post-naral period could afect the .dgtrtand bodylength ofthe rat-pups.Four pregnant tr$rdl rats were daily exposed to one how classic rnLtt lMoza ) eyery 17.30 PMsince gestation period day on€ until rhe22litten were 3s-days-old.Controis xre 5 pregnant lats and th€ir 36 litl€rs caged in a different room with no music.W€ighing and measuing the \t!'length (the most anterior point of nasafseptum to the base ofthe 6il) were conducted at day 7, 25 and :r' DaIa were analyzed using Multivariat€ Celeral-Linear-Model (cr = 0.05).It was revealed that the mean -.rght of the exp€rimental litters was significantly high€r than those ofthe controls either ar day 7 (p = 0.00), :j o. i5 (p = 0.006).Difference of the body-length ofthe €xperiment and control anirnals only significanr at :a. l5 (p = 0.012).Conclusion: Music exposure sinc€ prenatal period has significant influences on the weight :idF mt-litters aged 7, 25 and 35 days and on the body-length ofthe 25-days-old,litterc.Indonesian Joumat j Dentittry 2006; Editi Khusus KPPIKA XIy:325-328 Listening to 11usrc could lead to decreased l€vels ofcortisol and +Lrephine.andincreased levels of prolactin and ndorphin."One study in human reponed that (lboard or drum exercise lead to increased growth hormone (cH) level.? Sirnilar effect was found in the healthy subjects exposed to techno music.aln plants classic music by Bach and traditional music fiom India could stinulate com, marigold, zinnia and petunia to have more flowersz while classic music modified with sounds of nature were related to the increment of polyamine and oxyg€n absorbed by Chines€ cabbage and cucumber.sAccordingly catlle exposed to i4ozart's music' or Johan Straus's Blue Danube' was r€pon€d to produce more milk.
In 1993 Rauscher reponed that students exposed to Moz n's sonata far tuo pianos in D nalor for 10 minutes performed betr€f spatial ability compared to those exposed to new age music or those with no music.ltIn rel€vance \^'ith this finding it was found that the same sonata given daily to rats resulted m sip.nificantl) increased bmin cell5 and erpre's'on of b;in-d€rited-neurolrophic-factor tBDNFT and svnaosrn-l {protein ol synaplic groMh) Anolher s;udj found $ar daily exposure ot a number of Mozart's €lassic compositions on pregnant rats caused higher amount of b.ain celh of the liflers compared to those delivered ftom the mt'mothen which had no music.3It has been postuiated that music could affect int€lligence and creativrtv by in(retrsrng lhe amount.comple\iq and coordinalion of brain cells and functional synaps 4' These findings also indicating that music exposure has a porency in incr€asing somatic growth.Puspitawati et al. had proved that music exposure sjnce prenatal period is significantly relared .obodv weighl of 7days old rat-lilt€rs.' Cro\Mh is a continuous process that begins before binh and refers ro incred\e in ph)ricdl size Since growth is a result of function of all body systems, clinically it most frequently concemed with w€ighL herght and head circumference BecsDse il involves all the in€rement ofincrease in size weight is ofien considered as a good index of growth jn general."whileheight is usually refer io skeletal growth.'"Besides genetics and adequaie diel, other factors that strongly affect gro\dh are absence of stress and mo{iulation of a number of hormones ln iimes of stress, adrenal cortex releases cortisol Cortisol is known to have significanl catabolic antigro*th effects.Conversely, groMh hormone (GH) together $nh lnsuhn.l'ke-8ro$rh-fdclor. (IGFs) is melabolically anabolic for proteins, directing energy a|ld amrno acrdr inro prorein synrhe.i.. $hLh i' an essential part of lissue growth.Although GH is released lhroughoul liie bul rts bigge<l role i' duting childhood.S€vere GH deficiency in childhood could l€ad to dwarfism." Studling pre\ious findingr thdt music exposures in rat could increased growlh of brain tissue and body weight of7 days old pups, and 'n human have influence on emotional states, stress relieve and modulation of hormonal concentration including GH, and considering that body weight and height are common indicators of somatic groMh which are significantly influenced by CH. the objective of this second preliminary sludy was lo examine whether ddrl) erposu'es ol classi.music since prenatal period could affect the bod) weighi and length ofrat liners aged 7, 25, and 35 days.
The empirical confirmation of the effect of music on somatic growth might be beneficial in promoting the growrh and the quality of the whole body and its organs.Now that the rol€ of GH in odontogenesis becoming further discovered, empirical findings showing the relationship of music, somatic gro\|ah, and GH may give light to the possibility of utilizing music lo increas€ the groMh and/ or quality of the dentition.

Methods
'len female Wistar rats aged 120 days were randomly grouped into experiments and controls.
The two goups were caged m two separate rooms and fed standard dtet ad libitun.Since a week before matting the 5 experiment rats were conditioned with daiiy 30 minutes music exposure.One rat was not becoming pregnant so only the remaining 4 rats were continuously Siven the daily 60 minutes music exposure since the first day bf th€ir gestation period until their lilters were 7_daysold.Five control rats were kepr in a same condition as rhose ofthe €x p e r i m e n ( a l rar.bul wilh no music.Music exposure was given by playing a s€t of cassettes containing 8 selected numbers of classjc music composed by Mozart.Music was played every day at 17.30 PM.Twenty-two experiment and 36 conrrol litters were weighed using a manual triple beam balance (Ohavs capacir!26109r), and their body-lengih (he most anterior point ofnasal septum to the base of the tail in animals lying flat on ther stomach) wer€ measured using a caliper al day 7,25, and 35.The mean weights and body-lengths of the rwo group\ were compared and dnabzed usine Gen€ral linear model (GLM) Mullivariate wrth significance level95% (s = 0.05).

Resulls
To confirm lhat the general condition oflhe ratmolhers in the two groups were equal and so the liB€rs might have an equal opportunrty to grow optimally, the comparison of their inirial weight (weight at day I ofgestation period).weight before partus, weight increment (ihe difference between weigh!before partus and initial weighO and number oi litters were analyzed using Mann-Whih€y test wilh significance l€vel 95vo I s = o 05. As shown in lable l, ther€ were no statlstlcal significant differences between the mothen of the control and the experimenl groups either for iherr i0itial weight (P = 0.221 > 0.05).weighl before

Discussion
It has becom€ apparent that different q?es of music induce different neuroendocrine changes.In human, personal exp€rien€es and temperament may rnfluence lhe qrde Inter-indi!idual !ariabiliq in response to music4.The present study used laboratory animals so that such subjective variability jn response to music could b€ controlled.
Positive biologi€al effects could be gained by using various typ€s of music However one among several types of music that has been mostly investigat€d in relation with its positive bjological effects' and had been found lo be associated wilh Increa'ed bod) werghf and groMh ofbrarn Ir'sue in mts13 is classic music composed by Mozan.This was the consid€ration when deciding to use Mozart's composition in this study.lhr\ slud) 'howed rhal lhe qeighr of lle raF liners €xposed 10 music was significantly high€r than those with no music either at day 7, 25 or 35 ddy'.this resdlr r.In relet,rnce wrrh previou' studies that music could evoke a positive biological effeci and supports a hypothesis thal positive biological respons€ stimulated by music may lead to increased somatjc growth.
There are some possibilities ofthe physiological mechanisms underlying the results of this study.This could be support€d by the results of prevrous studies in which music exposure were relai€d lo increased concentration of prolactin in human or increased milk production in canle:.In this sludy music exposure was giveD since prenatal period, therefbre it mighl resulted in the incremeff of prolactin which is essential in stinulating milk production of the rai-mothers which in tum would optimizing the growth of ihe litters.ln human music is a powerful tool in evoking emorrons.Lislening be.effectile in reducing th€ negative effecls of stress'.lt has been accepted too that there is a link between rhe mind and the body.According to this neuroimmunotuodulation model lhere is a strong bi_direcrional relationship between psyche, nervous, endocrine and innune syst€ms.Therefore an)ahing affecting one of those [our s]stem\ rould stimulare response in others.Physical or emotional stress could l€ad io disturbed homeostasis and resuks in aheration of immunon€uroendocrine functions.Conversely, absence of stress would lead lo increased immune Shtistical analysis showed that sex is not ;:enrficanlly related 10 weight and body l€ngth ofthe ::rmals (p > 0.05).Therefore in analysing the data : rhis study, the variable sex could be ignor€d P .riuefor differences in body weight between con rol ]:d experimental animals were 0.00 (7 days old) and I006 (25 and 35 days old) < 0.05.This confirned :rat music exposure given to the experimental 3nrmals was significantly related to their body nelght.Conversely, only body-length at day 25 was s\5tem and bener homeostasisir' E\en lhough rhere o'^ no, *y r€ports on the effect of music to enotional sote or to hormonal conc€ntration in rat bul lhe finding thal music exposure could Increase milk Droduction of cartle lead to a hypolheci\ thal calming music could reduce sress rn animdlsJust as it does in humanio, no.tnal ero"d to take place GH t lequired Lhroup,hoLr( life p;nicularlv in childhood fhe"overall "ii".iircs Il to promote somatic growth' ' An inde\ unrversall) used lo measure growlh especiall) in itre earry lean of trfe is bod) ueight Therefore' u"ai ""igii*"ta be presumed as an indicaror of L.'e.r.nior cH etTecion the somatic grou,h and thus th€ high€r body weiSht of rat-litters exposed to music com-pared to those without music in this study rnigtrt be an indicator of the increased concentration ot GH in those animah fhe mosr \!riking and ob!iou' effect ofCH is in srimulaling hnear growlh oflhe skelelon and growlh of a number oflrssuer in lhe body Urowlh hormon€ holds Drominent role in r€nodeling, reguladon of i."" 1"""i ".4 postnalal longitudinal growth'r Therefore signifi.anlincreased of CH ma) ledd to sienrficant increased in long bones *hich tunher reiults in increased bodv-length ln this study it was found that the body length of rat lifiers exposed to mtrsic \ a: hieher lhan lhose w'lhout musrc even rhouqh lhese differences only significant at day 25 The;rplanalion oflhrs finding ma) be relaled Io !h€ various accel€rated-groMh phase at certalo ages dudns orsanrsm s lifetrme'" Raa reach Lh€ir ouU.irt petioa aL 50 davs-old'" so that al 25-ddys otA rley migtrr be andlog $ilh lhe first 2. vetrrs of truman life Jhere the actrve phase ofsomalic growrh is at its peak.ru

Conclusion
This siudy showed that body weight of '/tr'dr rar litters aged '7,25 ^nd 35 days wa^s strongly associated with lhe daily exposur€s ol one_nour Mozart's classic music given since prenatal period Similarh.lhebod) length ofthe animals \ as aho alTecled b) lhe gi\en music e\porure although lhe sisnifican;e ofttis effect is influenced by th€ age of th-e animals.Some possible physiological mechanisms underlying lhis pheDom€non are as followsi l) Music exposure srnce prenatal period lead lo increased secrelion of prolactin in lhe ral' moth€rs so that th€ litters could get more milk, 2) Music exposure l€ad to reduced stress either in ratmothers ; in the litters and thus lead to a better immune system and homeostasis, 3) Similar to the Drevious studies in human, music exposure given to ihe rat-mothers and their litters resulted in increased concentration ofGH-Th€ positive effecr of music in slinulating .omariceiowlh by usin8, bod) weighL and bod) lencrh d' pdrdmelers a' rhown br lhi' stud) brrngs d respons'litirl lo fudher inte\tigalrng lhe mechanrrm of;ff€d of music on stimulating somatjc groMh rn cellular dnd molecular le'vels 'o lhat lhe spplicdtion ofmusic niaht be further optimized to increase the quality of b;dy health and its organs including the dentition.